Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Terbium</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="float-right infobox wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:310px; max-width:400px;">

<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; font-size:120%; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="margin:auto; background-color:color:var(--color-inverted, #FFFFFF); color:var(--color-base, #000000); text-align:center; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:separate; border-style:hidden;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 1: Wasserstoff (H), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="30">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Helium" title="Helium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 2: Helium (He), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 3: Lithium (Li), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 4: Beryllium (Be), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bor" title="Bor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 5: Bor (B), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 6: Kohlenstoff (C), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 7: Stickstoff (N), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 8: Sauerstoff (O), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 9: Fluor (F), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 10: Neon (Ne), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 11: Natrium (Na), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 12: Magnesium (Mg), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 13: Aluminium (Al), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 14: Silicium (Si), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 15: Phosphor (P), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 16: Schwefel (S), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 17: Chlor (Cl), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 18: Argon (Ar), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 19: Kalium (K), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 20: Calcium (Ca), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 21: Scandium (Sc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 22: Titan (Ti), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 23: Vanadium (V), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 24: Chrom (Cr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 25: Mangan (Mn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 26: Eisen (Fe), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 27: Cobalt (Co), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 28: Nickel (Ni), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 29: Kupfer (Cu), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zink" title="Zink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 30: Zink (Zn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 31: Gallium (Ga), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 32: Germanium (Ge), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 33: Arsen (As), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Selen" title="Selen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 34: Selen (Se), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Brom" title="Brom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 35: Brom (Br), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 36: Krypton (Kr), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 38: Strontium (Sr), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 39: Yttrium (Y), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 40: Zirconium (Zr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Niob" title="Niob"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 41: Niob (Nb), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 42: Molybdän (Mo), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 43: Technetium (Tc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 45: Rhodium (Rh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 46: Palladium (Pd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silber" title="Silber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 47: Silber (Ag), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 48: Cadmium (Cd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Indium" title="Indium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 49: Indium (In), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 50: Zinn (Sn), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 51: Antimon (Sb), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 52: Tellur (Te), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iod" title="Iod"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 53: Iod (I), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 54: Xenon (Xe), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 55: Caesium (Cs), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Barium" title="Barium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 56: Barium (Ba), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 57: Lanthan (La), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cer" title="Cer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 58: Cer (Ce), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 59: Praseodym (Pr), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 60: Neodym (Nd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Europium" title="Europium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum; border:2px solid #72777D; margin:-1px"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 72: Hafnium (Hf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 73: Tantal (Ta), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 74: Wolfram (W), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 75: Rhenium (Re), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 76: Osmium (Os), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 77: Iridium (Ir), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Platin" title="Platin"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 78: Platin (Pt), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gold" title="Gold"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 79: Gold (Au), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 80: Quecksilber (Hg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 81: Thallium (Tl), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Blei" title="Blei"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 82: Blei (Pb), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 83: Bismut (Bi), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 84: Polonium (Po), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Astat" title="Astat"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 85: Astat (At), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 86: Radon (Rn), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Francium" title="Francium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 87: Francium (Fr), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radium" title="Radium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 88: Radium (Ra), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 89: Actinium (Ac), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Uran" title="Uran"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 92: Uran (U), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Americium" title="Americium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Curium" title="Curium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 105: Dubnium (Db), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 107: Bohrium (Bh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 108: Hassium (Hs), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 112: Copernicium (Cn), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 113: Nihonium (Nh), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 114: Flerovium (Fl), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 115: Moscovium (Mc), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 116: Livermorium (Lv), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 117: Tenness (Ts), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 118: Oganesson (Og), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="text0" style="font-size:12px; position:absolute; top:5px; left:50%; margin-left:-125px;line-height:120%;">[<a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4<a href="F-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Orbital">f</a><sup>9</sup> 6<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>2</sup></div>
<div style="position:absolute; top:5px; left:45%; margin-left:20px;line-height:120%;"><span id="text2" style="font-size:10px; vertical-align: sub;">65</span><span id="text3" style="font-size:20px; font-weight:bold;">Tb</span></div>
<div style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Allgemein
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chemisches_Element#Sortierte_Liste_chemischer_Elemente" title="Chemisches Element">Name</a>, <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Symbol</a>, <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">Terbium, Tb, 65
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elementkategorie" title="Elementkategorie">Elementkategorie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems">Gruppe</a>, <a href="Periode_des_Periodensystems" title="Periode des Periodensystems">Periode</a>, <a href="Block_des_Periodensystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Block des Periodensystems">Block</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">La</a>, <a href="Chemische_Elemente_der_sechsten_Periode" title="Chemische Elemente der sechsten Periode">6</a>, <a href="Periodensystem#Block" title="Periodensystem">f</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Aussehen
</td>
<td>silbrig weiß
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>
<p><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-27-9">7440-27-9</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>231-137-6
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.306">100.028.306</a>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td>Massenanteil an der <a href="Erdh%C3%BClle" title="Erdhülle">Erdhülle</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">0,85&nbsp;ppm<sup id="cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harry_H._Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Atomar<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atommasse" title="Atommasse">Atommasse</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">158,925354(8)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Atomare_Masseneinheit" title="Atomare Masseneinheit">u</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atomradius" title="Atomradius">Atomradius</a> (berechnet)
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">175 (225) <a href="Pikometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikometer">pm</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kovalenter_Radius" title="Kovalenter Radius">Kovalenter Radius</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">194 pm
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">Elektronenkonfiguration</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4<a href="F-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Orbital">f</a><sup>9</sup> 6<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1. <a href="Ionisierungsenergie" title="Ionisierungsenergie">Ionisierungsenergie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198372224">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-1000::after{content:"."}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus>span,.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec>span{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus::after{content:"−"}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec::after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-fractpart{margin-right:0.2em}


/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>5<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>8638(6) <a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-terbium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap">565<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>77 <a href="Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-terbium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">11<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>513(20) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-terbium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">1</span>110<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>8 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-terbium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">21<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>82(3) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-terbium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">2</span>110 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-terbium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">39<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>33(4) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-terbium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">3</span>790 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-terbium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">66<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>5(3) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-terbium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">6</span>420 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-terbium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Physikalisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>fest
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur">Kristallstruktur</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">hexagonal
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">8,253 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25 <a href="Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus">Magnetismus</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paramagnetismus" title="Paramagnetismus">paramagnetisch</a> (<a href="Magnetische_Suszeptibilit%C3%A4t" title="Magnetische Suszeptibilität"><i>χ<sub>m</sub></i></a> = 0,11)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">1629 <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1356 °C)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">3396 K<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3123 °C)
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Molares_Volumen" title="Molares Volumen">Molares Volumen</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">19,30 · 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Verdampfungsenthalpie" title="Verdampfungsenthalpie">Verdampfungsenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">391 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzenthalpie" title="Schmelzenthalpie">Schmelzenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">10,8 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Schallgeschwindigkeit" title="Schallgeschwindigkeit">Schallgeschwindigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">2620 m·s<sup>−1</sup> bei 293,15 K
</td></tr>




<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrische_Leitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Elektrische Leitfähigkeit">Elektrische Leitfähigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">0,870 · 10<sup>6</sup> <a href="Siemens_(Einheit)" title="Siemens (Einheit)">S</a>·m<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="W%C3%A4rmeleitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Wärmeleitfähigkeit">Wärmeleitfähigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">11 <a href="Watt_(Einheit)" title="Watt (Einheit)">W</a>·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Chemisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl">Oxidationszustände</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>+3</b>, +4
</td></tr>




<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Isotope
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable center darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122; border:hidden; margin:0;">

<tbody><tr>
<td><a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Isotopenverh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Isotopenverhältnis">NH</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">t<sub>1/2</sub></a>
</td>
<td><a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t#Zerfallsarten" title="Radioaktivität">ZA</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsenergie" title="Zerfallsenergie">ZE</a> (M<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a>)
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsprodukt_(Radioaktivit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerfallsprodukt (Radioaktivität)">ZP</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>149</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>4,1 <a href="Stunde" title="Stunde">h</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a>
</td>
<td>3,970
</td>
<td><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium"><sup>145</sup>Pr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>152</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>17,5 <a href="Stunde" title="Stunde">h</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Positronenstrahlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Positronenstrahlung">β<sup>+</sup></a>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="Europium" title="Europium"><sup>148</sup>Eu</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>155</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>5,32 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>0,821
</td>
<td><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><sup>155</sup>Gd</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>156</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>5,35 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>2,444
</td>
<td><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><sup>156</sup>Gd</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>157</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>71 <a href="Jahr" title="Jahr">a</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>0,060
</td>
<td><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><sup>157</sup>Gd</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>158</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">180 <a href="Jahr" title="Jahr">a</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>1,220
</td>
<td><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><sup>158</sup>Gd</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>0,937
</td>
<td><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><sup>158</sup>Dy</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>159</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><b>100</b>&nbsp;%
</td>
<td colspan="4"><a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t#Stabilität" title="Radioaktivität">Stabil</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>160</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>72,3 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>1,835
</td>
<td><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><sup>160</sup>Dy</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>161</sup>Tb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>6,88 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>0,593
</td>
<td><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><sup>161</sup>Dy</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122;">Weitere Isotope siehe <a href="Liste_der_Isotope/Ordnungszahl_61_bis_Ordnungszahl_70#65_Terbium" title="Liste der Isotope/Ordnungszahl 61 bis Ordnungszahl 70">Liste der Isotope</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; text-align:center; color:#202122;"><a href="Kernspinresonanz" title="Kernspinresonanz">NMR</a>-Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable" style="margin:0; width:100%;">

<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe1">
<th>
</th>
<th><a href="Kernspin" title="Kernspin">Kernspin</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Gyromagnetisches_Verh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Gyromagnetisches Verhältnis"><i>γ</i></a> in<br><a href="Radiant_(Einheit)" title="Radiant (Einheit)">rad</a>·<a href="Tesla_(Einheit)" title="Tesla (Einheit)">T</a><sup>−1</sup>·<a href="Sekunde" title="Sekunde">s</a><sup>−1</sup>
</th>
<th><a href="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie#Empfindlichkeit_der_NMR-Spektroskopie" title="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie"><i>E</i><sub>r</sub>&nbsp;(<sup>1</sup>H)</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Larmorfrequenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Larmorfrequenz"><i>f</i><sub>L</sub></a> bei<br><i>B</i> = 4,7 <a href="Tesla_(Einheit)" title="Tesla (Einheit)">T</a><br>in <a href="Hertz_(Einheit)" title="Hertz (Einheit)">MHz</a>
</th></tr>
<tr class="hintergrundfarbe1">
<td style="text-align:center;"><b><sup>159</sup>Tb</b>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;">3/2
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">6,431 · 10<sup>7</sup>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">24,04
</td></tr>





</tbody></table><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>


<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">


<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-neutral" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:flex; justify-content:center;">

<tbody><tr>
<td><i>keine GHS-Piktogramme</i>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="33%" style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed; border-right:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;"><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze" title="H- und P-Sätze">H- und P-Sätze</a>
</td>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">H: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: H-Sätze"></span><i>keine H-Sätze</i>
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">P: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: P-Sätze"></span><i>keine P-Sätze</i><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>






<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:Plum; line-height:1.2em; text-align:center; color:#202122; font-size:smaller;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.
</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Terbium</b> ist ein <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">chemisches Element</a> mit dem <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Elementsymbol</a> Tb und der <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> 65. Im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> steht es in der Gruppe der <a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a> und zählt damit auch zu den <a href="Metalle_der_Seltenen_Erden" title="Metalle der Seltenen Erden">Metallen der Seltenen Erden</a>. Wie die anderen Lanthanoide ist Terbium ein silberglänzendes, weiches <a href="Schwermetall" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwermetall">Schwermetall</a>.
</p><p>Terbium wurde 1843 zusammen mit <a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> von <a href="Carl_Gustav_Mosander" title="Carl Gustav Mosander">Carl Gustav Mosander</a> bei der Untersuchung von <a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> entdeckt. Wie Erbium, Yttrium und das später entdeckte <a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> wurde Terbium nach der <a href="Grube_Ytterby" title="Grube Ytterby">Grube Ytterby</a> bei <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> benannt, aus der das Erz stammte, das bei den Entdeckungen untersucht wurde.
</p><p>Terbium wird vor allem als grün-emittierender <a href="Leuchtstoff" title="Leuchtstoff">Leuchtstoff</a> in <a href="Leuchtstoffr%C3%B6hre" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuchtstoffröhre">Leuchtstoffröhren</a> sowie zur Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von <a href="Neodym-Eisen-Bor" title="Neodym-Eisen-Bor">Neodym-Eisen-Bor</a>-<a href="Permanentmagnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanentmagnet">Permanentmagneten</a> eingesetzt. Diese werden unter anderem in <a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computern</a>, <a href="Elektroauto" title="Elektroauto">Elektroautos</a> oder <a href="Windkraftanlage" title="Windkraftanlage">Windkraftanlagen</a> verwendet. Wie andere schwere Seltene Erden wird das Element fast ausschließlich in <a href="Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China">China</a> produziert. Auf Grund der großen technischen Bedeutung und der Abhängigkeit von China hat die <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Union" title="Europäische Union">Europäische Union</a> Terbium auf die <a href="Liste_der_kritischen_Rohstoffe" title="Liste der kritischen Rohstoffe">Liste der kritischen Rohstoffe</a> gesetzt.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Die Entdeckung des Terbiums begann 1843, als <a href="Carl_Gustav_Mosander" title="Carl Gustav Mosander">Carl Gustav Mosander</a> <a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> mittels <a href="Fraktionierte_Kristallisation_(Chemie)" title="Fraktionierte Kristallisation (Chemie)">fraktionierter Kristallisation</a> genauer untersuchte und dabei feststellte, dass es aus drei verschiedenfarbenen Substanzen bestand. Für einen farblosen Niederschlag beließ er den Namen <i>Yttrium</i>, einen gelben nannte er <i>Erbium</i>, einen rosafarbenen <i>Terbium</i>. Alle drei Namen beruhen auf dem Namen der <a href="Grube_Ytterby" title="Grube Ytterby">Grube Ytterby</a>, der <a href="Typlokalit%C3%A4t" title="Typlokalität">Typlokalität</a> von <a href="Gadolinit" title="Gadolinit">Gadolinit</a>, dem ersten Erz, aus dem die Elemente gewonnen werden konnten.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1860 wiederholte Nils Johan Berlin diese Experimente, fand jedoch nur einen rosafarbenen Niederschlag, den er – abweichend von Mosander – <i>Erbium</i> nannte und bestritt die Existenz des Terbiums.<sup id="cite_ref-Miskowiec_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ebenso fand <a href="Robert_Bunsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> in Mosanders <i>Terbiterde</i> nur ein Gemisch aus Erbium-, Yttrium- und Ceroxiden.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Marc_Delafontaine" title="Marc Delafontaine">Marc Delafontaine</a> war dagegen weiter von der Existenz des Terbiums überzeugt und fand schließlich bei Untersuchungen von <a href="Samarskit-(Y)" title="Samarskit-(Y)">Samarskit</a> das gesuchte Element, was von <a href="Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a> durch Zerlegung von <a href="Gadolinit" title="Gadolinit">Gadolinit</a> bestätigt werden konnte. Nach dieser Bestätigung blieb es jedoch bei der Namensvertauschung gegenüber dem ursprünglichen Vorschlag von Mosander.<sup id="cite_ref-Miskowiec_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Durch Gadolinium und Dysprosium verunreinigtes metallisches Erbium wurde erstmals 1936 von <a href="Wilhelm_Klemm_(Chemiker)" title="Wilhelm Klemm (Chemiker)">Wilhelm Klemm</a> und <a href="Heinrich_Bommer" title="Heinrich Bommer">Heinrich Bommer</a> erhalten. Sie gewannen das Metall durch Reduktion von <a href="Terbium(III)-chlorid" title="Terbium(III)-chlorid">Terbium(III)-chlorid</a> mit <a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a> bei 250&nbsp;°C. Weiterhin bestimmten sie die ungefähre <a href="Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur">Kristallstruktur</a> und die magnetischen Eigenschaften des Metalls.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Gewinnung von reinem Terbium gelang erst nach der Entwicklung von <a href="Ionenaustauscher" title="Ionenaustauscher">Ionenaustausch</a>-Verfahren zur Trennung von Seltenen Erden.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC4-31_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC4-31-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen">Vorkommen</h2></div>
<p>Terbium ist auf der Erde ein seltenes Element, seine <a href="Liste_der_H%C3%A4ufigkeiten_chemischer_Elemente" title="Liste der Häufigkeiten chemischer Elemente">Häufigkeit</a> in der <a href="Kontinentale_Erdkruste" title="Kontinentale Erdkruste">kontinentalen Erdkruste</a> beträgt etwa 1,2&nbsp;<a href="Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>. Unter den Lanthanoiden zählt es zu den seltensten Elementen, nur <a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a>, <a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> und das radioaktive <a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> sind seltener.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Wie alle Seltenen Erden ist Terbium <a href="Goldschmidt-Klassifikation" title="Goldschmidt-Klassifikation">lithophil</a> und daher vor allem in der kontinentalen Erdkruste zu finden, nur wenig im <a href="Erdmantel" title="Erdmantel">Erdmantel</a>. Seltene Erden werden zudem zu den <a href="Inkompatibles_Element" title="Inkompatibles Element">inkompatiblen Elementen</a> gezählt, jedoch ist es bei verschiedenen Gesteinen und Lanthanoiden unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Während leichte Lanthanoide stark inkompatibel sind, ist dies bei schweren weniger der Fall. Vor allem in <a href="Granat" class="mw-redirect" title="Granat">Granat</a> werden HREE (eng.: Heavy Rare Earth Elements für schwere, seltene Erden Elemente) wie Terbium bevorzugt eingebaut.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Es sind keine Terbiumminerale bekannt, das Element kommt stets <a href="Paragenese" title="Paragenese">vergesellschaftet</a> mit anderen schweren Seltenerdelementen in Erzen vor. Die wichtigsten dieser Minerale sind <a href="Bastn%C3%A4sit" title="Bastnäsit">Bastnäsit</a>, <a href="Monazit" title="Monazit">Monazit</a> und <a href="Xenotim" title="Xenotim">Xenotim</a>. Von diesen besitzt Xenotim mit etwa 1&nbsp;% den höchsten Terbiumanteil.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die kommerziell wichtigste Quelle für Terbium sind ionenadsorbierende <a href="Tonminerale" title="Tonminerale">Tonminerale</a> (Regolith-hosted ion-adsorption deposits, IADs). Diese entstehen bei der <a href="Verwitterung" title="Verwitterung">Verwitterung</a> von Muttergesteinen vor allem in den <a href="Subtropen" title="Subtropen">Subtropen</a> und adsorbieren die in den Ausgangsgesteinen enthaltenen Seltenerdmetalle. IAD-Vorkommen besitzen zwar nur einen relativ geringen Anteil an Seltenerdelementen von 0,05 bis 0,2&nbsp;%, diese lassen sich jedoch relativ einfach durch <a href="Auslaugung" title="Auslaugung">Auslaugen</a> aus den Tonmineralen lösen.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Communications_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_Communications-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die wichtigsten Vorkommen von ionenadsorbierenden Tonmineralen liegen im Süden <a href="Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China">Chinas</a>, aber auch in <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a>, den <a href="Philippinen" title="Philippinen">Philippinen</a> und den <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">Vereinigten Staaten</a> sind Vorkommen bekannt. Kommerziell ausgebeutet werden vor allem die Vorkommen in Südchina und Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_Communications_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_Communications-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erhebliche Mengen Terbium werden durch illegalen Abbau in China gewonnen.<sup id="cite_ref-Resources_Policy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resources_Policy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nach Recherchen von <a href="Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> wurden Regionen im <a href="Kachin-Staat" title="Kachin-Staat">Kachin-Staat</a> in Myanmar seit 2017 wichtige Abbaugebiete insbesondere von Terbium und <a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a>. So betrug der Export von schweren Seltenen Erden von Myanmar nach China 2023 über 40.000&nbsp;Tonnen. Dies hat erhebliche Umweltzerstörungen zur Folge und Einfluss auf den <a href="B%C3%BCrgerkrieg_in_Myanmar_seit_2021" title="Bürgerkrieg in Myanmar seit 2021">Bürgerkrieg in Myanmar</a>. 2023 verdiente die <a href="State_Administration_Council" title="State Administration Council">Militärregierung</a> 1,4&nbsp;Milliarden Dollar mit dem Export von schweren Seltenen Erden wie Terbium.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewinnung_und_Darstellung">Gewinnung und Darstellung</h2></div>

<p>Um Terbium herzustellen, muss zunächst eine Seltenerdmetallchlorid-Lösung aus den Ausgangserzen gewonnen werden. Die Verfahren dazu unterscheiden sich je nach Erz, so wird Bastnäsit bei 620 °C <a href="Kalzinierung" title="Kalzinierung">calciniert</a> und anschließend mit <a href="Salzs%C3%A4ure" title="Salzsäure">Salzsäure</a> ausgelaugt.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ionenadsorbierender Ton wird nicht abgebaut und dann weiterverarbeitet, stattdessen werden Löcher in das Vorkommen gebohrt und der Ton dann über längere Zeit (150 bis 400 Tage) mit Salzlösungen (beispielsweise einer <a href="Ammoniumsulfat" title="Ammoniumsulfat">Ammoniumsulfatlösung</a>) <a href="Auslaugung" title="Auslaugung">ausgelaugt</a>. Dabei werden die im Ton gebundenen Seltenerdmetall-Ionen durch Ammoniumionen ersetzt und so gelöst. Über die Zeit steigt die Seltenerdmetall-Konzentration der Lösung. Ist die Konzentration hoch genug, wird über eine <a href="PH-Wert" title="PH-Wert">pH-Wert</a>-Änderung mitgelöstes <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> abgetrennt und anschließend die Seltenerdmetalle mit <a href="Ammoniumhydrogencarbonat" title="Ammoniumhydrogencarbonat">Ammoniumhydrogencarbonat</a> oder <a href="Oxals%C3%A4ure" title="Oxalsäure">Oxalsäure</a> gefällt. Mittels Calcinierung entsteht ein Mischoxid, das mit Salzsäure ausgelaugt wird. Werden einzelne Elemente benötigt, wird für die Trennung das Chlorid durch Nitrat ersetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Trennung der einzelnen Seltenerdmetalle untereinander ist – bedingt durch die Ähnlichkeit der Elemente – kompliziert und wird vorwiegend durch <a href="Extraktion_(Trennverfahren)" title="Extraktion (Trennverfahren)">Extraktionsverfahren</a> mit unterschiedlichen Lösungsmitteln durchgeführt. Andere Verfahren, wie <a href="Fraktionierte_Kristallisation_(Chemie)" title="Fraktionierte Kristallisation (Chemie)">fraktionierte Kristallisation</a> oder <a href="Ionenaustausch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionenaustausch">Ionenaustausch</a> spielen technisch keine Rolle mehr.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Herstellung metallischen Terbiums aus <a href="Terbium(III)-oxid" title="Terbium(III)-oxid">Terbium(III)-oxid</a> erfolgt in zwei Schritten. Zunächst wird das Oxid mit <a href="Flusss%C3%A4ure" title="Flusssäure">Flusssäure</a> in <a href="Terbium(III)-fluorid" title="Terbium(III)-fluorid">Terbium(III)-fluorid</a> umgewandelt und durch Erhitzen im Vakuum von Sauerstoffresten befreit. Anschließend wird es mit <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> bei 1500 °C reduziert und das entstandene <a href="Calciumfluorid" title="Calciumfluorid">Calciumfluorid</a> abgetrennt.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es sind auch <a href="Elektrolyse" title="Elektrolyse">elektrolytische</a> Verfahren zur Gewinnung von metallischem Terbium bekannt. So kann festes <a href="Terbium(III%2CIV)-oxid" title="Terbium(III,IV)-oxid">Terbium(III,IV)-oxid</a> in geschmolzenem <a href="Calciumchlorid" title="Calciumchlorid">Calciumchlorid</a> bei 850&nbsp;°C reduziert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch ein Verfahren zur elektrolytischen Reduktion von Terbium(III)-oxid in einer Terbium(III)-fluorid/<a href="Lithiumfluorid" title="Lithiumfluorid">Lithiumfluorid</a>-Schmelze wurde entwickelt.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Menge an produziertem Terbium betrug 2011 in China 545&nbsp;Tonnen und wurde bis 2020 auf 690&nbsp;Tonnen gesteigert.<sup id="cite_ref-Resources_Policy_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resources_Policy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Auf Grund der hohen wirtschaftlichen und technologischen Bedeutung sowie der eingeschränkten Verfügbarkeit und hohen Abhängigkeit von China als Produzent hat die <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Union" title="Europäische Union">Europäische Union</a> Terbium auf die <a href="Liste_der_kritischen_Rohstoffe" title="Liste der kritischen Rohstoffe">Liste der kritischen Rohstoffe</a> gesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-Consilium_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consilium-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ähnliches wurde von den <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">Vereinigten Staaten</a> veranlasst.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nach Medienberichten gehört Terbium zu den sieben Seltenen Erden, für die China im April 2025 ein Exportverbot erlassen hat.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Neben den Erzen stellen auch <a href="Sekund%C3%A4rrohstoff" title="Sekundärrohstoff">Sekundärrohstoffe</a> eine Quelle für Terbium dar. Insbesondere <a href="Leuchtstofflampe" title="Leuchtstofflampe">Leuchtstofflampen</a> bzw. der in ihnen enthaltene Leuchtstoff enthalten größere Mengen Terbium.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es werden verschiedene Verfahren erforscht, mit denen Terbium und andere Seltene Erden extrahiert werden können.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die bisher recyclten Mengen an Terbium sind aber noch gering, in der Europäischen Union wurden 2020 6&nbsp;% des genutzten Terbiums durch Recycling gewonnen (End-of-Life-Recycling-Input-Rate, EoL-RIR).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch den <i>Critical Raw Materials Act</i> von 2024 wird das Recycling in der EU weiter gefördert.<sup id="cite_ref-Consilium_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consilium-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch das <a href="US-Verteidigungsministerium" class="mw-redirect" title="US-Verteidigungsministerium">US-Verteidigungsministerium</a> förderte 2024 die Erhöhung der Terbiumproduktion durch Recycling in den Vereinigten Staaten mit 4,2 Millionen Dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der Preis von Terbium schwankte in den letzten Jahren stark. Nach einer Spitze 2011 mit einem Preis von 2350&nbsp;$ pro Kilogramm fiel er deutlich auf unter 500&nbsp;$ pro Kilogramm 2016. Seitdem und vor allem ab 2020 stieg der Preis für Terbium stark an auf über 2000&nbsp;$ pro Kilogramm 2022. Verantwortlich hierfür ist der erhöhte Bedarf an Terbium für Permanentmagnete in Elektroautos.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physikalische_Eigenschaften">Physikalische Eigenschaften</h3></div>

<p>Terbium ist ein silbergraues, formbares <a href="Schwermetall" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwermetall">Schwermetall</a>. Es ist so weich, dass man es mit einem Messer schneiden kann. In seinen Eigenschaften ist es sehr ähnlich zu den benachbarten Lanthanoiden und, wie durch die Lanthanoidenkontraktion zu erwarten, liegt der <a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a> von 1356&nbsp;°C zwischen dem niedrigeren von Gadolinium (1312&nbsp;°C) und dem höheren von Dysprosium (1407&nbsp;°C).<sup id="cite_ref-CRC4-31_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC4-31-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das Metall <a href="Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur">kristallisiert</a> wie viele andere schwere Lanthanoide in einer <a href="Hexagonal_dichteste_Kugelpackung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal dichteste Kugelpackung">hexagonal dichtesten Kugelpackung</a> mit den <a href="Gitterparameter" title="Gitterparameter">Gitterparametern</a> <i>a</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;360&nbsp;pm und <i>c</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;569&nbsp;pm.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oberhalb von 1289&nbsp;°C bildet sich eine <a href="Hochdruckmodifikation" title="Hochdruckmodifikation">Hochdruckmodifikation</a> mit <a href="Kubisch_dichteste_Kugelpackung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubisch dichteste Kugelpackung">kubischer</a> Kristallstruktur (β-Tb).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierfür wurde ein Gitterparameter <i>a</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;407&nbsp;pm berechnet.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Terbium besitzt drei verschiedene <a href="Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus">magnetische</a> Phasen. Unterhalb der <a href="Curie-Temperatur" title="Curie-Temperatur">Curie-Temperatur</a> von 219&nbsp;K (−54&nbsp;°C) ist das Metall <a href="Ferromagnetismus" title="Ferromagnetismus">ferromagnetisch</a>. Oberhalb der <a href="N%C3%A9el-Temperatur" title="Néel-Temperatur">Néel-Temperatur</a> von 231&nbsp;K (−42&nbsp;°C) liegt <a href="Paramagnetismus" title="Paramagnetismus">Paramagnetismus</a> vor. Im Temperaturbereich dazwischen besitzt das Element <a href="Helimagnetismus" title="Helimagnetismus">Helimagnetismus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mit dem Übergang zur ferromagnetischen Phase ändert sich auch die Kristallstruktur des Terbiums. Es bildet sich eine ungewöhnliche <a href="Orthorhombisches_Kristallsystem" title="Orthorhombisches Kristallsystem">orthorhombische</a> Struktur mit der <a href="Raumgruppe" title="Raumgruppe">Raumgruppe</a> <i>Cmcm</i> (Raumgruppen-Nr. 63)<span style="display:none;">Vorlage:Raumgruppe/63</span><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span> und den Gitterparametern <i>a</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;359&nbsp;pm, <i>b</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;625&nbsp;pm und <i>c</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;571&nbsp;pm.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemische_Eigenschaften">Chemische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Terbium ist ein typisches <a href="Unedles_Metall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unedles Metall">unedles Metall</a>, das vor allem bei höheren Temperaturen mit <a href="Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle">Nichtmetallen</a> reagiert. An trockener Luft ist es stabil, in der Hitze reagiert es mit Sauerstoff zum <a href="Nichtst%C3%B6chiometrische_Verbindungen" title="Nichtstöchiometrische Verbindungen">nichtstöchiometrischen</a>, braunen <a href="Terbium(III%2CIV)-oxid" title="Terbium(III,IV)-oxid">Terbium(III,IV)-oxid</a>. Mit anderen Nichtmetallen reagiert es dagegen zu dreiwertigen Salzen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voncken_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voncken-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das Metall reagiert nur langsam mit Wasser, ist aber in verdünnten <a href="Minerals%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralsäure">Mineralsäuren</a> unter Wasserstoffbildung gut löslich. In wässriger Lösung liegen schwach pinkfarbene, dreiwertige Tb<sup>3+</sup>-Ionen vor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voncken_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voncken-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Wie Europium- und einige weitere Lanthanoidionen zeigen Tb<sup>3+</sup>Ionen in Komplexen eine starke <a href="Lumineszenz" title="Lumineszenz">Lumineszenz</a>. Die stärkste Emission liegt bei 550&nbsp;nm im sichtbaren Bereich, darum leuchten Terbiumkomplexe intensiv grün.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotope">Isotope</h2></div>
<p>Es sind insgesamt 39 <a href="Isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope">Isotope</a> zwischen <sup>135</sup>Tb und <sup>174</sup>Tb sowie 32 weitere <a href="Kernisomere" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernisomere">Kernisomere</a> bekannt. Von diesen ist nur eines, <sup>159</sup>Tb, stabil, Terbium zählt damit zu den <a href="Reinelement" title="Reinelement">Reinelementen</a>. Von den radioaktiven Isotopen besitzen <sup>158</sup>Tb mit 180&nbsp;Jahren und <sup>157</sup>Tb mit 71&nbsp;Jahren die längste <a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">Halbwertszeit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Zu vier Radioisotopen, <sup>149</sup>Tb, <sup>152</sup>Tb, <sup>155</sup>Tb und <sup>161</sup>Tb, werden Untersuchungen durchgeführt, ob und wie sie in der <a href="Nuklearmedizin" title="Nuklearmedizin">Nuklearmedizin</a> eingesetzt werden können. Es wird in Studien untersucht, ob der <a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">Betastrahler</a> <sup>161</sup>Tb mit einer Halbwertszeit von 6,95&nbsp;Tagen als Therapeutikum in der <a href="Prostatakrebs" title="Prostatakrebs">Prostatakrebstherapie</a> und Alternative zu <sup>177</sup>Lu eingesetzt werden kann. <sup>152</sup>Tb wird als mögliches Radioisotop in der <a href="Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie" title="Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie">Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie</a> untersucht. <sup>155</sup>Tb könnte in der <a href="Einzelphotonen-Emissionscomputertomographie" title="Einzelphotonen-Emissionscomputertomographie">Einzelphotonen-Emissionscomputertomographie</a> eingesetzt werden. <sup>149</sup>Tb könnte durch seine Eigenschaft, gleichzeitig <a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">Alphastrahlen</a>, <a href="Positron" title="Positron">Positronen</a> und <a href="Gammastrahlung" title="Gammastrahlung">Gammastrahlung</a> zu emittieren, einzigartige Therapien gegen Krebs ermöglichen.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Eine wichtige Anwendung von Terbium ist diejenige als grün-emittierender <a href="Leuchtstoff" title="Leuchtstoff">Leuchtstoff</a> in <a href="Leuchtstofflampe" title="Leuchtstofflampe">Leuchtstofflampen</a>. Drei Leuchtstoffe hierfür sind mit Terbium <a href="Dotierung" title="Dotierung">dotiertes</a> Cermagnesiumaluminat (CAT, CeMgAl<sub>11</sub>O<sub>19</sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup>), mit Cer und Terbium dotiertes Lanthanphosphat (LAP, LaPO<sub>4</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup>,Tb<sup>3+</sup>) und terbiumdotiertes Cergadoliniummagnesiumborat (CBT, (Ce,Gd)MgB<sub>5</sub>O<sub>10</sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup>). CAT enthält für eine optimale Lichtausbeute 33 mol% Terbium, LAP 13 mol%.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine Leuchtstofflampe des Typs T8 (25,4 mm Durchmesser) enthält 0,13&nbsp;g Terbium, eine <a href="Kompaktleuchtstofflampe" title="Kompaktleuchtstofflampe">Kompaktleuchtstofflampe</a> 0,05&nbsp;g.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eine weitere wichtige Anwendung von Terbium sind <a href="Neodym-Eisen-Bor" title="Neodym-Eisen-Bor">Neodym-Eisen-Bor</a>-<a href="Permanentmagnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanentmagnet">Permanentmagnete</a>, die etwa in <a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computern</a>, <a href="Elektroauto" title="Elektroauto">Elektroautos</a>, Audiosystemen oder <a href="Windturbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Windturbine">Windturbinen</a> eingesetzt werden. Der Zusatz von etwa 1&nbsp;% Terbium zusammen mit 5&nbsp;% Dysprosium erhöht die Einsatzfähigkeit der Magnete bei hohen Temperaturen.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Terfenol-D" title="Terfenol-D">Terfenol-D</a> ist eine Terbium-Dysprosium-Eisen-<a href="Legierung" title="Legierung">Legierung</a>, die eine hohe <a href="Magnetostriktion" title="Magnetostriktion">Magnetostriktion</a> besitzt und für Sensoren und <a href="Aktuator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktuator">Aktuatoren</a>, etwa in Motoren oder Einspritzanlagen, eingesetzt werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Magneto_Optical_Disk" title="Magneto Optical Disk">Magneto Optical Disks</a> wurden mit dünnen Filmen einer Legierung von Terbium mit Eisen, Cobalt oder Gadolinium beschichtet.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Lange Zeit wurde der größte Teil des produzierten Terbiums für die Produktion von Leuchtstoffen eingesetzt, 2015 ca. 88,7&nbsp;%.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durch den zunehmenden Einsatz von LED nimmt aber der Bedarf ab, 2020 wurden nur noch ca. 56&nbsp;% dafür verwendet, während der Bedarf für die Herstellung von Neodym-Eisen-Bor-Magneten (2020 ca. 35&nbsp;%) und andere Anwendungen steigt.<sup id="cite_ref-Resources_Policy_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resources_Policy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologische_Bedeutung_und_Toxizität"><span id="Biologische_Bedeutung_und_Toxizit.C3.A4t"></span>Biologische Bedeutung und Toxizität</h2></div>
<p>Terbium hat keine biologische Bedeutung. Im menschlichen Körper ist es wie die anderen Lanthanoide vor allem in <a href="Knochen" title="Knochen">Knochen</a> enthalten, wobei die Konzentration im Lauf des Lebens ansteigt. Die Mengen sind gering, in trockenen Knochen wurde &lt;1 μg/kg Terbiumgehalt gemessen.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Lösliche Terbiumverbindungen wie <a href="Terbium(III)-chlorid" title="Terbium(III)-chlorid">Terbium(III)-chlorid</a> sind leicht toxisch. Mit dem <a href="Neutralrot-Test" title="Neutralrot-Test">Neutralrot-Test</a> wurde ein <a href="LD50" class="mw-redirect" title="LD50">LD<sub>50</sub></a> von 980&nbsp;mg/kg berechnet. Im <a href="%C3%96kotoxizit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ökotoxizität">Ökotoxizitäts</a>-Test mit <i><a href="Tubifex_tubifex" title="Tubifex tubifex">Tubifex tubifex</a></i> wurde ein <a href="EC50" title="EC50">EC<sub>50</sub></a> von 31,6&nbsp;g/l bestimmt. Diese Werte sind vergleichbar zu denen der anderen Lanthanoide. Es konnte mit dem <a href="Ames-Test" title="Ames-Test">Ames-Test</a> keine <a href="Mutagenit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutagenität">Mutagenität</a> festgestellt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die toxischen Effekte von Terbium(III)-chlorid wurden an <a href="Regenbogenforelle" title="Regenbogenforelle">Regenbogenforellen</a> getestet. Dabei wurde in einer Studie festgestellt, dass es doppelt so toxisch wirkt wie das leichte Lanthanoid <a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Praseodym</a> und die Toxizität auf <a href="Oxidativer_Stress" title="Oxidativer Stress">oxidativem Stress</a>, der Beeinflussung der <a href="Calcium-_und_Phosphathaushalt" title="Calcium- und Phosphathaushalt">Calciumbindung</a>, der <a href="H%C3%A4moprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hämoprotein">Hämoprotein</a>-Aktivität sowie des Proteinstoffwechsels beruht.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Terbiummetallstäube sind wie andere Metallstäube <a href="Entz%C3%BCndliche_Stoffe" title="Entzündliche Stoffe">entzündlich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbindungen">Verbindungen</h2></div>
<p>Wie bei anderen Lanthanoiden ist auch beim Terbium die <a href="Oxidationsstufe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidationsstufe">Oxidationsstufe</a> +3 am stabilsten und häufigsten. Es sind aber auch Verbindungen mit vierwertigen Terbiumionen bekannt, unter speziellen Bedingungen wurden auch Verbindungen in den Oxidationsstufen +2<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und +1<sup id="cite_ref-Angewandte_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angewandte-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> synthetisiert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxide">Oxide</h3></div>
<p>Terbium bildet drei Oxide, <a href="Terbium(III)-oxid" title="Terbium(III)-oxid">Terbium(III)-oxid</a>, <a href="Terbium(III%2CIV)-oxid" title="Terbium(III,IV)-oxid">Terbium(III,IV)-oxid</a> und <a href="Terbium(IV)-oxid" title="Terbium(IV)-oxid">Terbium(IV)-oxid</a>. Bei der Reaktion von Terbium und vielen Terbiumverbindungen mit <a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">Sauerstoff</a> bildet sich das gemischtvalente, nichtstöchiometrische Terbium(III,IV)-oxid, ein dunkelbrauner Feststoff. Dieses dient als Ausgangsstoff für die Bildung vieler anderer Terbiumverbindungen. Durch Reaktion mit <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a> lässt sich Terbium(III)-oxid gewinnen, Terbium(IV)-oxid durch eine <a href="Disproportionierung" title="Disproportionierung">Disproportionierungsreaktion</a> mit <a href="Salzs%C3%A4ure" title="Salzsäure">Salzsäure</a> und <a href="Essigs%C3%A4ure" title="Essigsäure">Essigsäure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terbiumoxid-Oberflächen haben katalytische Eigenschaften.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogenide">Halogenide</h3></div>
<p>Terbium bildet mit den Halogenen die dreiwertigen Halogenide <a href="Terbium(III)-fluorid" title="Terbium(III)-fluorid">Terbium(III)-fluorid</a>, <a href="Terbium(III)-chlorid" title="Terbium(III)-chlorid">Terbium(III)-chlorid</a>, <a href="Terbium(III)-bromid" title="Terbium(III)-bromid">Terbium(III)-bromid</a> und <a href="Terbium(III)-iodid" title="Terbium(III)-iodid">Terbium(III)-iodid</a>. Daneben ist als einziges vierwertiges Terbiumhalogenid <a href="Terbium(IV)-fluorid" title="Terbium(IV)-fluorid">Terbium(IV)-fluorid</a> bekannt, das durch Reaktion von Terbium(III)-fluorid mit <a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> bei 320 °C gewonnen werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unter den Chloriden sind zwei Verbindungen mit niedrigen Oxidationszahlen bekannt das Terbiumsesquichlorid Tb<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und das Terbiummonochlorid TbCl. Beide enthalten Metall-Metall-Bindungen.<sup id="cite_ref-Angewandte_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angewandte-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_Terbiumverbindungen">Weitere Terbiumverbindungen</h3></div>
<p>Es sind verschiedene metallorganische Terbiumverbindungen bekannt. So wurden verschiedene <a href="Cyclopentadienyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopentadienyl">Cyclopentadienyl</a>­terbium(III)-Komplexe synthetisiert<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, es wurde aber auch eine Alkylterbiumverbindung mit einer Kohlenstoff-Terbium-<a href="Bindungsl%C3%A4nge" title="Bindungslänge">Bindungslänge</a> von 250&nbsp;pm dargestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Eine Übersicht über Artikel über Terbiumverbindungen bietet die Kategorie:Terbiumverbindung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Terbium?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Terbium</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Terbium" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Terbium">Wiktionary: Terbium</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Harry_H._Binder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Harry_H._Binder" title="Harry H. Binder">Harry H. Binder</a>: <i>Lexikon der chemischen Elemente.</i> S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7776-0736-3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Werte für die Eigenschaften (Infobox) sind, wenn nicht anders angegeben, aus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/terbium/">www.webelements.com (Terbium)</a> entnommen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CIAAW-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights: <i>Standard Atomic Weights of 14 Chemical Elements Revised.</i> In: <i>Chemistry International.</i> 40, 2018, S.&nbsp;23, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0409">10.1515/ci-2018-0409</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-ASD-terbium-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-terbium_4-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl?spectra=terbium&amp;units=1&amp;e_out=0&amp;unc_out=1&amp;at_num_out=1&amp;el_name_out=1&amp;ion_charge_out=1&amp;biblio=1"><i>terbium</i></a> in Kramida, A., Ralchenko, Yu., Reader, J. und NIST ASD Team (2019): <cite style="font-style:italic">NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ver. 5.7.1)</cite>. Hrsg.: <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, Gaithersburg, MD. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18434/T4W30F">10.18434/T4W30F</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/asd">physics.nist.gov/asd</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Terbium&amp;rft.au=Kramida%2C+A.%2C+Ralchenko%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=NIST+Atomic+Spectra+Database+%28ver.+5.7.1%29&amp;rft.doi=10.18434%2FT4W30F&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> Abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Webelements-terbium-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-terbium_5-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/terbium/atoms.html"><i>terbium</i></a> bei <i>WebElements, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com">www.webelements.com</a></i>, abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Greenwood-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw: <i>Chemie der Elemente.</i> 1. Auflage. VCH, Weinheim 1988, ISBN 3-527-26169-9, S.&nbsp;1579.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert C. Weast (Hrsg.): <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. CRC (Chemical Rubber Publishing Company), Boca Raton 1990, ISBN 0-8493-0470-9, S. E-129 bis E-145. Werte dort sind auf g/mol bezogen und in cgs-Einheiten angegeben. Der hier angegebene Wert ist der daraus berechnete maßeinheitslose SI-Wert.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zhang-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Yiming Zhang, Julian R. G. Evans, Shoufeng Yang: <i>Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks.</i> In: <i><a href="Journal_of_Chemical_%26_Engineering_Data" title="Journal of Chemical &amp; Engineering Data">Journal of Chemical &amp; Engineering Data</a>.</i> 56, 2011, S.&nbsp;328–337, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/je1011086" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/je1011086">doi:10.1021/je1011086</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sigma-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Datenblatt <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/ALDRICH/693715">Terbium</a></span> bei <a href="Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a>, abgerufen am 26.&nbsp;April 2017 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/DE/de/sds/ALDRICH/693715?userType=anonymous">PDF</a>).<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. G. Mosander: <i>XXX. On the new metals, lanthanium and didymium, which are associated with cerium; and on erbium and terbium, new metals associated with yttria.</i> In: <i>The London Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science.</i> 1843, Band 23, Nummer 152, S.&nbsp;241–254 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786444308644728">10.1080/14786444308644728</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Miskowiec-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miskowiec_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miskowiec_11-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Paweł Miśkowiec: <i>Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements: part 2—turbulent nineteenth century.</i> In: <i>Foundations of Chemistry.</i> 2022, Band 25, Nummer 2, S.&nbsp;215–234 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-022-09451-w">10.1007/s10698-022-09451-w</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Bahr, Robert Bunsen: <i>Ueber Erbinerde und Yttererde.</i> In: <i>Justus Liebig s Annalen der Chemie.</i> 1866, Band 137, Nummer 1, S.&nbsp;1–33 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18661370102">10.1002/jlac.18661370102</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. James, D. W. Bissel: <i>Terbium.</i> In: <i><a href="Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a>.</i> 1914, Band 36, Nummer 10, S.&nbsp;2060–2066 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02187a009">10.1021/ja02187a009</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Klemm, H. Bommer: <i>Zur Kenntnis der Metalle der seltenen Erden.</i> In: <i>Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie.</i> 231, 1937, S.&nbsp;138–171, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19372310115" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/zaac.19372310115">doi:10.1002/zaac.19372310115</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CRC4-31-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC4-31_15-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC4-31_15-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Lide (Hrsg.): <i><a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>. 85.&nbsp;Auflage. (Internet-Version: 2005), CRC Press&nbsp;/ Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton FL, <i>Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds</i>, S.&nbsp;4-31.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Lide (Hrsg.): <i><a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>. 85.&nbsp;Auflage. (Internet-Version: 2005), CRC Press&nbsp;/ Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton FL, <i>Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics</i>, S.&nbsp;14-14.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Okrusch, Hartwig E. Frimmel: <i>Mineralogie.</i> 10. Auflage, Springer, 2022, ISBN 978-3-662-64064-7, S.&nbsp;765–769.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sinha-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_18-8">i</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Manish Kumar Sinha, Himanshu Tanvar, Sushanta Kumar Sahu, Brajendra Mishra: <i>A Review on Recovery of Terbium from Primary and Secondary Resources: Current State and Future Perspective.</i> In: <i>Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review.</i> 2023, Band 45, Nummer 7, S.&nbsp;743–766 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2023.2253490">10.1080/08827508.2023.2253490</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nature_Communications-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_Communications_19-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_Communications_19-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Borst, Martin Smith, Adrian A. Finch, Guillaume Estrade, Cristina Villanova-de-Benavent, Peter Nason, Eva Marquis, Nicola J. Horsburgh, Kathryn Goodenough, Cheng Xu, Jindřích Kynický, Kalotina Geraki: <i>Adsorption of rare earth elements in regolith-hosted clay deposits.</i> In: <i>Nature Communications.</i> 2020, Band 11, Nummer 1 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17801-5">10.1038/s41467-020-17801-5</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Resources_Policy-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Resources_Policy_20-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Resources_Policy_20-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Resources_Policy_20-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuixia Gao, Yufei Xu, Yong Geng, Shijiang Xiao: <i>Uncovering terbium metabolism in China: A dynamic material flow analysis.</i> In: <i>Resources Policy.</i> 2022, Band 79, S.&nbsp;103017 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103017">10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103017</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Global Witness: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/transition-minerals/fuelling-the-future-poisoning-the-present-myanmars-rare-earth-boom/">Fuelling the future, poisoning the present: Myanmar’s rare earth boom</a>.</i> veröffentlicht am 23. Mai 2024, abgerufen am 22. April 2025.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehsan Vahidi, Julio Navarro, Fu Zhao: <i>An initial life cycle assessment of rare earth oxides production from ion-adsorption clays.</i> In: <i>Resources Conservation and Recycling.</i> 2016, Band 113, S.&nbsp;1–11 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.05.006">10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.05.006</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dihua Wang, Guohong Qiu, Xianbo Jin, Xiaohong Hu, George Z. Chen: <i>Electrochemical Metallization of Solid Terbium Oxide.</i> In: <i>Angewandte Chemie.</i> 2006, Band 118, Nummer 15, S.&nbsp;2444–2448 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200503571">10.1002/ange.200503571</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&amp;CC=US&amp;NR=5258103">US5258103</a>: <i>Process for producing terbium alloy or terbium metal.</i> Veröffentlicht am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">2.&nbsp;November 1993</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&amp;rft_id=US5258103&amp;rft.applcc=US&amp;rft.title=Process+for+producing+terbium+alloy+or+terbium+metal&amp;rft.pubdate=1993-11-02">‌</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Consilium-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Consilium_25-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Consilium_25-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Europäischer Rat: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/de/infographics/critical-raw-materials/">Ein EU-Gesetz zu kritischen Rohstoffen für die Zukunft der EU Lieferketten</a>.</i> In: <i>consilium.europa.eu</i>, abgerufen am 24. April 2025.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of Energy: <i>Critical Materials Assessment</i>, erstellt im Juli 2023, abgerufen am 24. April 2025 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/doe-critical-material-assessment_07312023.pdf">pdf</a>).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manager-magazin.de/politik/weltwirtschaft/handelskonflikt-china-stoppt-export-seltener-erden-a-56c30521-7420-402b-bcbf-320e5f4b529a">China blockiert den Export seltener Erden</a>.</i> In: <i>manager-magazin.de</i>, erstellt am 15. April 2025, abgerufen am 24. April 2025.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">European Commission: Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, Blengini, G. A., El Latunussa, C., Eynard, U., Torres De Matos, C. et al.: <i>Study on the EU’s list of critical raw materials (2020) – Final report</i>, Publications Office of the European Union, 2020, S.&nbsp;25, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2873/11619">10.2873/11619</a></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Department of Defence: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3898948/department-of-defense-awards-422-million-to-increase-production-of-terbium-and/">Department of Defense Awards $4.22 Million to Increase Production of Terbium and Other Rare Earth Elements</a>.</i> erstellt am 9. September 2024, abgerufen am 4. Mai 2025.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kun Lin, Guodong Li, Sergii Khmelevskyi, Leonid V. Pourovskii, Suihe Jiang, Kenichi Kato, Chengyi Yu, Yili Cao, Qiang Li, Xiaojun Kuang, Xianran Xing: <i>The Structure of Terbium in the Ferromagnetic State.</i> In: <i><a href="Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Journal of the American Chemical Society">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a>.</i> 2023, Band 145, Nummer 32, S.&nbsp;17856–17862 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c04931">10.1021/jacs.3c04931</a></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ullmann-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian McGill: <i>Rear Earth Elements.</i> In: <i><a href="Ullmanns_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_der_Technischen_Chemie" title="Ullmanns Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie">Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>.</i> Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2005, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a22_607" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/14356007.a22 607">doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_607</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Voncken-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voncken_40-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Voncken_40-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J.H.L. Voncken: <i>The Rare Earth Elements.</i> 1. Auflage, Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-26809-5, S.&nbsp;66–70.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marián Rucki, Kristína Kejlová, Alena Vlková, Dagmar Jírová, Markéta Dvořáková, Lada Svobodová, Helena Kanďárová, Silvia Letašiová, Hana Kolářová, Marika Mannerström, Tuula Heinonen: <i>Evaluation of toxicity profiles of rare earth elements salts (lanthanides).</i> In: <i>Journal of Rare Earths.</i> 2020, Band 39, Nummer 2, S.&nbsp;225–232 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2020.02.011">10.1016/j.jre.2020.02.011</a></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arndt Simon, Norbert Holzer, H. Mattusch: <i>Metallreiche Verbindungen der Seltenen Erden Gd<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>, Gd<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>3</sub> und Tb<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub>.</i> In: <i>Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie.</i> 1979, Band 456, Nummer 1, S.&nbsp;207–216 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19794560122">10.1002/zaac.19794560122</a></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry G. Brittain, James Meadows, William J. Evans: <i>Luminescence of organometallic lanthanide compounds. Tetrahydrofuran adducts of tricyclopentadienylterbium(III) and tris(methylcyclopentadienyl)terbium(III).</i> In: <i>Organometallics.</i> 1983, Band 2, Nummer 11, S.&nbsp;1661–1665 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/om50005a032">10.1021/om50005a032</a></span>.</span>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> der <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">Elemente</a></div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H</a>
</td>
<td style="width:93.75%" colspan="30">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">He</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Bor" title="Bor">B</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">C</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">N</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">O</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">P</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">S</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Ti</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Cr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Fe</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Cu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zink" title="Zink">Zn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Selen" title="Selen">Se</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Niob" title="Niob">Nb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän">Mo</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Silber" title="Silber">Ag</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">In</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Sn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur">Te</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Iod" title="Iod">I</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan">La</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Cer" title="Cer">Ce</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Pr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym">Nd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal">Ta</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Platin" title="Platin">Pt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Hg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Blei" title="Blei">Pb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Astat" title="Astat">At</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Uran" title="Uran">U</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness">Ts</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" rules="all" style="border:1px solid #fff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background:#ff4500" width="9.1%"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#ff8c00" width="9.1%"><a href="Erdalkalimetalle" title="Erdalkalimetalle">Erdalkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dda0dd" width="9.1%"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#da70d6" width="9.1%"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f08080" width="9.1%"><a href="%C3%9Cbergangsmetalle" title="Übergangsmetalle">Übergangsmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#a9a9a9" width="9.1%"><a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#cd853f" width="9.1%"><a href="Halbmetalle" title="Halbmetalle">Halbmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#32cd32" width="9.1%"><a href="Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle">Nichtmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f0e68c" width="9.1%"><a href="Halogene" title="Halogene">Halogene</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#87cefa" width="9.1%"><a href="Edelgase" title="Edelgase">Edelgase</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dcdcdc" width="9%">Chemie unbekannt
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div>

<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4184744-1">4184744-1</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85133986">sh85133986</a></span> </div>
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